Comparison and Analysis of Different News Report on...

GOVT 6156 Governance and Civil Society Student Name: Yip Tsz Kit UID: 430054929 Assignment 3: Content Analysis Research Report 1. Introduction 1.1 Topic: Same Sex Marriage Homosexuality and lesbian and gay civil rights was the dominated by negativity in Western societies before the 1990s (Loftus, 2001). In Australia, bias and discrimination against gay has progressively decreased over time (Kelly, 2001). Issues related to gay and lesbian rights have been increasingly prominent. Despite the receding negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian minority, according to scholars, such tolerance does not seem to extend to attitudes towards same-sex marriage (Edward, 2007). 1.2 Background On 17 April 2013, New Zealand House of Representatives has†¦show more content†¦Diverse arguments in support or opposition to same-sex marriage are proposed. Researchers have found several factors related to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and SSM, including religion (Olsen, Cadge Harrison, 2006). Leaders of organised religion that convey a negative message about homosexuality have long been at the forefront of the fight against the acceptance of SSM, with a vested interest in upholding religious values and preserving marriage for oppositesex couples (Brumbaugh et al., 2008). However, the significant of the influence of religiosity of attitudes towards same-sex marriage was challenged ANDERSSEN (2002). His study found that around 50 percent of the participants exhibited anti-gay bias, despite the majority of the sample exhibited low to no levels of religiosity (74.1%). The negativity towards same-sex marriage is found affected by the attitudes towards the influence of same-sex parenting. Stephanie Webb and Jill Chonody (2012) study indicates that participants who reported negative attit udes toward same-sex parenting were significantly more likely to hold negative attitudes toward same-sex marriage. Justin Healey (2013) claimed the opposition against same-sex marriage with the argument that high-risk lifestyles should not be given official endorsement. He stated that a male homosexual is 14 times more likely to have syphilis than a male heterosexual, and eight times more likely to have hepatitis, with HIV/AIDS being anShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy PeckRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagespage intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne

Should Gambling Benefit Or Harm Society - 1758 Words

To what extent can legalizing gambling benefit or harm society? According to the U.S. Travel Association the average direct spending by tourists, both internal and international, in the U.S. is about $2.5 billion a day, $105.8 million an hour, $1.8 million a minute and $29,398 a second. As noted by these statistics, the tourist industry produces billions, if not trillions, of dollars in revenue for the economy of the country. With 3 out of 4 tourist are on leisure travel with the intent of spending their money on sightseeing, fine dining, and ultimately on entertainment. Gambling by common definition refers to â€Å"playing games of chance for stake†, and includes casinos, lotteries, and race bets. People gamble because, like skydiving or bungee jumping, it provides them with a sense of excitement that helps them temporary escape from the real world. The exhilaration that comes from not knowing if they won or lost the game, along with the competition aspect that some games bring, keeps the players full with thrill and the steadies the flow of money spent. Casinos are designed to hold players in by using various methods such as, removing all clocks so players don t notice the progression of time and even offer free drinks to keep them hydrated and in place (Business Insider). The average person would gamble an average 4 hours a day (PBS.Org). The practice of gambling is extremely regulated and limited throughout the world, however laws are being changed and looked at inShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Problems of Gambling Essay example883 Words   |  4 PagesThere are times where gambling can be harmful to yourself and that harm can spread to your friends and family. Gambling can pose problems by inflicting mental and financial harm on a person endowed with the constant need to gamble. There is another way that gambling can effect a person in a negative manner and it includes the physical harm gambling can cause. Gambling is often associated with alcoho l consumption especially alcohol consumption that is excessive in nature. Gambling is also associatedRead MoreThe States Policy On Gambling1416 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing what the states policy on gambling should be, one must first become familiar with the definition of gambling. Gambling is defined as â€Å"the activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for money or other stakes†. When people hear the word gambling, casinos, lotteries, and online gambling websites are what is most often thought of, however, these are not the only types of gambling. People can gamble throughout a variety of fashions, such as virtual gambling on tablets or smartphones, scratchRead MoreGambling Is An Extremely Well Liked And Entertaining Activity For The Canadian Population1530 Words   |  7 PagesGambling is an extremely well liked and entertaining activity for the Canadian population. In theory, gambling can be a sense of fun and games, yet it has always been inevitably linke d to the Canadian Criminal Code. It has been noticed that, â€Å"Canadians spend more on legal, government-promoted gambling than on clothing, shoes and medicine combined† (Hutchison, 1999). In 1892 all forms of gambling were banned in Canada, with the exception of horse racing (Stevens, R., 2005). Throughout the years CanadiansRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Effect On Society1490 Words   |  6 Pagesspeedily varying and increasing in every field. It has brought many benefits to modern society. For example, technological advances will change society and home since there are many high technology systems will be installed, which will improve the quality of life. Communication become easier through one click because of the popularization of Internet. Also, using computer technology will enhance students’ learning. Obviously, these benefits certainly have huge impact on lifestyle at work, in recreationRead MoreLegalizing Sport And Casino Betting945 Words   |   4 Pageswager billions of dollars on football games. This culminates in February with the Super Bowl where more money is wagered than on any other sporting event in the world. The vast majority of people who place these wagers live in states where sport’s gambling has long been illegal. Even those seemingly innocent NCAA office pools or friend to friend sports wagers are against the law in most counties across the state. Surveys indicate that in many states, people are overwhelmingly in favor of legalizingRead MoreWhat Should The State s Policy Be On Gambling?2136 Words   |  9 PagesWhat should the state’s policy be on gambling? It is hard to walk away from a winning streak, and even harder to leave the table when you are on a losing one. Gambling, the activity of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes, is one of mankind’s oldest activities. Built upon the false pre-tenses that taking risks will consistently be remunerated, gambling has evolved throughout the years and still remains, engrained within the daily lives of many. Over the years the gambling industryRead MoreVictimless Crimes1330 Words   |  6 Pagesdrug use, or illegal gambling. These are considered crimes because they can harm your body, or life in some way, and because you willingly do them. There are many other things in our lives that we can do such as smoking cigarettes, or drinking that can harm our lives and body in some way but are legal. In my opinion these things are legal, because of the fight put up for them in the past, and for the economy. Alcohol and cigarettes have taxes on them, so the economy benefits from people buying andRead MoreGambling in America: Is Legalized Gambling in America the Right Choice?2869 Words   |  12 PagesRecently, a new, debatable topic has hit Americans in a swift manner. Should gambling be legalized in their respective states? As you may already know, gambling is the act of risking something of value for a potential chance of profit. â€Å"Not that long ago, Americans held gambling in the same esteem as heroin dealing† (Popkin Hetter 17). Today, however, people see gambling not as bad as it used to be. In fact, according to a Harrah’s survey, thirty two percent of all households in the United StatesRead MoreShould Internet Gambling Be Illegal?1191 Words   |  5 PagesGambling in the United States has become more than a pastime in casinos because the internet has been adapted to include online gambling. Also, gambling previously has been exclusive to adults; yet, more and more teenagers are participating in the worldwide phenomenon of fantas y sports. Personally, I have never found gambling appealing because I think that it is a waste of time and money. As it is, gambling has become a problem and will continue to grow unless something is changed. There are numerousRead MoreLegalize Marijuana; Annotated Bibliography Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who support the legalization of this drug and are strongly convinced that marijuana is not a drug in which one should be punished for, but rather a drug that should not be frowned upon and seen as a way to help our nation economically and medically. On the other end, there are also many people who support the criminalization of marijuana and believe it is a drug that should remain illegal or else further use of the drug may increase and become dangerous. There was a time in history when the

Goff Computer Free Essays

Goff Computer, INC. Martin Teal BUS 650 Managerial Finance Instructor Scott Shaw October 15, 2012 Goff Computer, INC. Goff Computer, INC has been around for about eight years and has over seventy stores. We will write a custom essay sample on Goff Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goff Computer, INC had $97 million in sales last year and wants to know what the cost of capital is. In order to answer this several steps have to be taken which include comparing the company to Dell and how they work. Dell is a major computer company and they build the computers to fit the customer’s needs and demands. The task at hand for Goff Computer , INC is to determine its cost of capital. There are several steps that must be done to get to the end result. Step 1 gives directions on how to obtain the beginning information needed about Dell. Step 2 asks several questions and the responses are: * The most recent stock price is $18. 16 * The market capitalization for Dell is 32. 62B * Dell currently has 1. 8B shares outstanding * The beta for Dell is 1. 33 * The yield on 3-month Treasury bill is . 865% * The cost of equity using CAPM is 16. 71% Step 3 instructs to go to www. reuters. com and find the competitors. However, there are none listed Step 4 instructs to calculate the cost of debt for Dell by going to cxa. arketwtch. com/finra/BondCenter/Dfault. aspx DELL. GJ yield to maturity . 754%| DELL. GF . 911%| DELL. GL. 724%| DELL. GP0%| DELL. GO. 946%| | | | | | Step 5 asks about the weighted cost and the book value weights. The book value is higher. Step 6 is the real question asking what the potential problems are and what suggestions I would have. The potential proble ms that I see when it comes to comparing the company to Dell are that Dell is a larger company and so things are different and constantly changing for them. Dell is more stable and has loyal customers so they can afford to take more risk as well. The only improvement that I can offer Goff Computer is to not try and follow a large company. They are building their own successful company. Therefore they should set their own trend that sets them apart from the competition. References Ross, S. , amp; Westerfield, R. , Jaffe, J. , amp; Jordan, B. (2011). Corporate finance: Core principles and applications (3rd ed. ). Boston, MD How to cite Goff Computer, Papers

Role of Utilitarian and Hedonic Values †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Utilitarian and Hedonic Values. Answer: Introduction: The journal that has been chosen for a critical review is Utilitarianism of environmental ethics by the author Valentinov. It highlights the effect on the key issues of business ethics (Valentinov 2017). The ethical component that has been analyzed is regarding the concept of utilitarianism on the ethics of environment and business. Environmental ethics highlights on the facts that are ought to inhabit the world. The concept of environmental ethics raged as a reaction to the causes for the growth of environmental crisis as the transformation of the forests in Australia into pine plantations. However, as per the journal environmental ethical theories have an effect on the stakeholders and the corporate social responsibility. Issues of Environmental ethics particularly affect the environment of the corporations. Ethical theory majorly focuses on the surroundings of how a corporation works. Over the years, there have been traditional ethical theories that were not being able to provide an enough amount of the relationship (Lucas, Van Wee and Maat 2016). The purpose for the motivation of the environmental ethics was a reason to originate the ethical theories to achieve better results in their work. Utilitarianism is considered to be as the most common and traditional form that is treated to be both a theory of the right and theory of the good. Such ethical issues are used in companies majorly. It affects the However, the key theme of understanding the utilitarianism is by applying the ethical theories. The concept of utilitarianism is generally engaged with a bunch of economic theories that proves that individuals in their best form when they are able to track and fulfill their kind of preferences in the free market (Beatley 2017). According to the journal, utilitarianism has played a significant role in the process of protecting the ecosystems, wildlife and species. Several ethicists on various grounds have criticized this key theme of environmental ethics. Environmental ethics have distanced themselves from the theories of tradition like morality and by denying the significance of intrinsic value theories. In defense of a Utilitarian Environmental Ethic, organisms and human beings chiefly depend on the services of ecological, natural and wild organisms (Percival et al. 2017). These wild organisms and natural system alters the climate and the biochemical cycles that are an essential source of food, produce and protect fertile soils for controlling pests and increasing the genetic material. The components of utilitarianism should respond to the specific number of claims that the environmental ethicists have made concerning the nature of the utilitarian ethics. Due to the environmental problems and ethics, all the corners and spheres get affected. However, the claim of utilitarian ethics have formed a general criticism of this kind of ethics that can be applied. On the other hand, utilitarian ethics identifies the pain and suffering of the organisms that does not support human humanity (Lucas, Van Wee and Maat 2016). It has been argued that utilitarian ethics has ignored the values and rights of some ethicists who believe that life creates possess. This is considered to be a virtue of utilitarianism instead of a liability (Braito et al. 2017). The journal has discussed the concept of utilitarians, which has legal rights, ecosystems and value species that have been identified. The existence of such rights and values are of a special kind. These rights and value s have proved to be a complicated problem for the environmental ethicists as they did not succeed in convincing the policymakers that micro-organisms, trees and communities have the right kind of values that makes the situation a direct moral concern. It has been observed that utilitarianism have encouraged a healthy argument related to the features of a satisfactory environmental ethic (Mill 2016). A utilitarian environmental ethic will not restrict culling when the objective is to promote the welfare of the population in the purpose of protecting the ecosystem (Lucas, Van Wee and Maat 2016). It has been argued based on a point that the ones interested in the sufferings and pain of the individuals will have to abstain from predators and hunting. Educators and environmental ethicists have the object to teach utilitarianism on the grounds that it will be flawed in such ways that will have nothing to do with the issues of the environment. The ethical difficulties that are encountered in public medicine and education in the nature of such an ethic (Braito et al. 2017). Educators identify the fact that environmental ethicists encounter both the philosophical and practical problems when the attempt made is to be subject of direct moral concern. Any ethic that focuses on the communities, species and ecosystem rests on the foundations that since these are incorporeal entities. Therefor e, the value of individuals does not have greater values as compared to the values of species to communities and the ecosystem (Percival et al. 2017). Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that is applied in the evaluation process of ethics and the environment that is looked for an outcome (Hourdequin 2015). Bentham has argued that deals with environmental ethics is important in the theory of utilitarianism. Bentham stated that he would look after the pleasure of both humans and animals. Utilitarianism is the biggest issue in the environmentalism since it is a fact that it does not provide any inherent value to the environment. This method is beneficial for the concept of global warming as well if animals and other organisms are considered (AM and Francis 2017). According to utilitarians, the overall process of executing things for decreasing the carbon footprint results in the protection of the environment (Gasparski 2017). This theory covers and researches each of the case individually if the reason is harming the environment around. However, every environmental ethicists believes that in a valid environmental ethic should encourage and accept the intrinsic values. It can be observed from this explanation that there is no kind of alternative to a utilitarian environmental ethic (Hourdequin 2015). On the other hand, it can be observed that without the emissions that are produced in the country, many individuals would have led a different lifestyle over the years. Maximum number of environmental ethicists believe that a proper environmental ethic is treated to be that one which makes other organisms like ecosystems subjects of proper and direct moral concern (Ozturk et al. 2016). This way it has been determined and proved that the scope of e nvironmental ethics is an academic discipline. However, it is too narrow to serve the needs of the present and the future policymakers of the environment (Campbell 2016). The concept of environmental ethics should not formed with the means of practical concerns but the arguments of the ethicists appeal to the moral of the species. Other ethicists and educators argue that utilitarianism has destructive policies and methods of the environment that leads to degradation. Rights and traditional utilitarian is based on ethics that can be put to use for rejecting the practices that are frequently blamed for endorsing (Lucas, Van Wee and Maat 2016). Therefore, such policies can proved to be unethical from the perspective of a utilitarian. Generally, environmental ethics is treated to be a part of the philosophy of environment that is considered in extending the boundaries of the ethics, which includes humans to including the non-human world. It has been claimed by the critiques that utilita rianism is a concept used to test the products on animals as those same tests were supposed to be carried out on human beings (Mill 2016). In the argument, it was observed that utilitarianism was not considered to be an effective means of ruling the activities. This have been claimed that placing animals on the same moral reasons as humans refers to a situation of their ability to suffer. Ethicists compared the intelligence of human and animals. However, the ethicists of environment have highlighted proper focus on the limits of utilitarianism and described the term in a manner that refers to be an oxymoron. Utilitarian ethics can be supportive towards the strong environmental policies. These ethics have not produced an environmental ones that consisted of broad appeal (Braito et al. 2017). Utilitarianism is identified as a theory of technology and ethical activities that are the results of the activities opposed to the action itself. An argument can be stated saying that the approa ch of Bentham to act as utilitarianism does not employ a degree of duty and justice (AM and Francis 2017). No such guidelines exist concerning as to what can be done in these specific situations where the necessity of something else is beyond the pleasure of the majority of humans. The fossil fuel of the environment supplies is depleting steadily. Therefore, there is a conflict that arose between preserving the natural resources and providing efficient energy to the world and, as it is complicated for institutions to do so without preserving fuel. On the other hand, consideration did not exceed for restoring the natural resources and the company as an ethical understanding for the welfare of human beings over the existing surroundings and environment as fossil fuels cannot experience pleasure. Such kind of an implication makes it tough for individuals to utilize the activities that are related to the duties (Mill 2016). Rule of utilitarianism accepts the rules and principles of utility. Further, it was argued that the concept of justice should be exercised in environment and society. However, it is not easy to conclude by stating that the concept of utilitarianism is the best possible method to environmental ethics. Ethics states a sense of duty that acts as an element in the process of decision-making. References: AM, A.F.A. and Francis, R.D., 2017. The trouble with leadership: theories of good and troubled leadership and their ethical implications. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Leadership in Transforming Asia(pp. 143-162). Beatley, T., 2017. Environmental ethics and the field of planning: Alternative theories and middle-range principles. InValues and planning(pp. 20-45). Routledge. Braito, M.T., Bck, K., Flint, C., Muhar, A., Muhar, S. and Penker, M., 2017. Human-nature relationships and linkages to environmental behaviour.Environmental Values,26(3), pp.365-389. Campbell, T.D., 2016.The legal theory of ethical positivism. Routledge. Filip, I., Saheba, N., Wick, B. and Amir Radfar, M.D., 2016. Morality and ethical theories in the context of human behavior.Ethics Medicine,32(2), p.83. Gasparski, W.W., 2017.Environmental Political Philosophy. Routledge. Hourdequin, M., 2015.Environmental ethics: From theory to practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. Lucas, K., Van Wee, B. and Maat, K., 2016. A method to evaluate equitable accessibility: combining ethical theories and accessibility-based approaches.Transportation,43(3), pp.473-490. Mill, J.S., 2016. Utilitarianism. InSeven Masterpieces of Philosophy(pp. 337-383). Routledge. Ozturk, A.B., Nusair, K., Okumus, F. and Hua, N., 2016. The role of utilitarian and hedonic values on users continued usage intention in a mobile hotel booking environment.International Journal of Hospitality Management,57, pp.106-115. Percival, R.V., Schroeder, C.H., Miller, A.S. and Leape, J.P., 2017.Environmental regulation: Law, science, and policy. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Valentinov, V., 2017. The Rawlsian critique of utilitarianism: A Luhmannian interpretation.Journal of business ethics,142(1), pp.25-35.

Blu

This paper has elaborated the characteristics that lead to the triumph of Blu-Ray standard developed by Sony over HD-DVD developed by Toshiba/NEC. Sony â€Å"was once bitten† in the standardization war between Betamax and VHS format; the company leant the value of having a tight linkage of vertical and horizontal supply chain to push a technically superior product for customer acceptance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Blu-Ray vs. HD-DVD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the Blu-Ray vs. HD-DVD war, Sony had an upper hand in their Blu-Ray discs that store 25GB on a single layer compared to HD-DVD having a capacity of 15GB on a single layer. Both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray use the same blue-laser diode technology. In developing HD-DVD, Toshiba concentrated its innovation on backward compatibility that only required an upgrade of existing DVD manufacturing equipment. Their HD-DVD became a hybrid of two DVD-9 discs to increase disc capacity. Sony on the other hand developed a separate disc, incompatible with existing DVD making equipment that exploited fully the blue laser unique attribute of reading extremely small spots burned on the optical discs. A higher capacity disc holds more data and enables consumers to enjoy more content in quality or length. A lack of concentration on consumer perception by Toshiba led to the adoption of a misguided strategy; a lesson Sony had painfully learnt to understand the application context that consumers use to evaluate a product. Significant holdings in motion picture and film subsidiaries held by Sony, gave it a supply chain advantage over Toshiba, which had to initiate partnerships with the existing Hollywood companies that were not already committed to Sony’s Blu-Ray disc. In addition to a high storage capacity, Blu-Ray discs proved their superiority over HD-DVD through an inclusion of the advanced technology of â€Å"digital rights managementà ¢â‚¬ , which replaces the â€Å"Content Scrambling System† (CSS) used in DVD players. This technology inclusion was a welcome to the DVD Forum that was driving the support and implementation of improved copyright in all standards.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To counter Sony’s capture of the film and motion studios, Toshiba used a strategy of reaching the market first to convert early adopters. This approach faced a set back of a delay in the commercial release of HD-DVD players attributed to the difficulties of implementing the new DRM controls. As Toshiba was grappling with a the delay of commercial HD-DVD players release, Sony once again relied on its extensive market linkages of vertical and horizontal supply chain, in 2004, releasing PlayStation 3 game consoles that played Blu-Ray discs. To play catch up, Microsoft’s Xbox 360, a PlayStation 3 rival console, anno unced the availability of a HD-DVD add on player at a cost to the consumer. The victory of choice, of an integrated player at no additional cost and an add on player at a cost, went to Sony who sold 84,000 Blu-Ray embedded PS3’s in 2007 compared to only 3000 units of add on HD-DVD player. Toshiba’s HD-DVD failed because it had a lower capacity compared to Blu-Ray in holding high definition movies, concentrated on maintain an existing DVD production infrastructure to minimise costs yet mass adoption of a technology and improved communications now favour rapid replication and lowering of unit costs. This failure to interpret external environments portrays Toshiba as lacking radar to inform business decisions and maintain a competitive advantage in the technology industry. Sony’s genius move was in the strategic acquisition and establishment of major entertainment companies that guaranteed an application mechanism to satisfy consumer entertainment needs. The establ ishment and acquisitions by Sony, made up the company’s network of interest that ensured each subsidiary support the technological innovation as a way to achieve their individual company goals. Sony further formed a Blu-Ray Disc Association (BDA) that allowed the company to advance their technological advantage with manufacturing and marketing skills, industry accumulated knowledge, distribution networks, financial resources and network linkages to professional bodies and lead users. As a result, by late 2007 there were 154 Blu-Ray titles on the Australian market in comparison to 47 HD-DVD titles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Blu-Ray vs. HD-DVD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sony’s success in the choice of PS3 game consoles to promote Blu-Ray has demonstrated the effectiveness of having strategies that embed emerging and disruptive technology into current initiatives as it assists firms to ext ract a higher value from existing investments. This essay on Blu-Ray vs. HD-DVD was written and submitted by user Antonio Gonzales to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea

Rock Crawlers, Order Grylloblattodea The order Grylloblattodea is not well known, due in part to the small size of this insect group. Commonly called rock crawlers, ice crawlers, or ice bugs, these insects were first described in 1914. The order name comes from the Greek gryll for cricket and blatta for cockroach, a testament to their odd mixture of both cricket-like and roach-like traits. Description: Rock crawlers are wingless insects with elongate bodies ranging from 15 to 30 mm in length. They have either reduced compound eyes or none at all. Their long, slender antennae may have as many as 45 segments, but no less than 23, and are filiform in shape. The abdomen ends with long cerci of 5 or 8 segments. The female rock crawler has a pronounced ovipositor, which she uses to deposit eggs individually in the soil. Because these insects live in such cold habitats, their development is slow, taking as many as 7 years to complete a full life cycle from egg to adult. Ice crawlers undergo simple metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult). Most ice bugs are believed to be nocturnal. Theyre most active when temperatures are coldest, and die when temperatures rise above 10Â º Celsius. They scavenge on dead insects and other organic matter. Habitat and Distribution: Rock crawlers inhabit the earths coldest environments, from ice caves to the edge of glaciers They typically live at high elevations. We know of only 25 species worldwide, and 11 of these live in North America. The other known ice bugs live in Siberia, China, Japan, and Korea. So far, rock crawlers have never been found in the southern hemisphere. Major Families in the Order: All rock crawlers belong to a single family – Grylloblattidae. Families and Genera of Interest: Grylloblattia campodeiformis was the very first rock crawler discovered. E.M. Walker described the species, which was found in Banff, Alberta (Canada).The genus Grylloblattina includes just one species, which lives in Siberia.All North American ice bugs belong to one genus, the Grylloblattia. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonGrylloblattodea, John R. Meyer, North Carolina State University, accessed December 19, 2011Suborder Grylloblattodea, Bugguide, accessed December 19, 2011Ice Bugs (Order Grylloblattodea), Gorden Ramel, accessed December 19, 2011

Masonry Brick Production Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Masonry Brick Production - Term Paper Example However, scientific improvements have made modern brick plants substantially more competent and have enhanced the overall value of the products. A more comprehensive acquaintance of raw materials and their characteristics, improved control of firing, enhanced kiln designs and more sophisticated mechanization have contributed to advancing the brick production. Brick is produce from clay or shale moulded, dried and fired into a sturdy ceramic creation (Demir & Orhan, 2003). Brick producers handle sustainability by situating manufacturing plants near clay sources to decrease shipping, by recycling of procedure waste, by recovering excavation site where mining has happened, and by practising measures to minimise plant emissions. Most brick are utilized within five hundred miles of a brick production facility. The report provides essential information for understanding masonry demands and requirements (Kermeli, Worrell & Masanet, 2011). Diesel or another type of fuel is appropriate to provide power for crushers, while electricity is essential during this stage to guarantee smooth operation of conveyors. Energy is a fundamental resource in almost every industry, since it drives different functions or production processes. Without energy, these procedures would breakdown, rendering a manufacturing unproductive and incapable of attaining production capacities (Kreh, 2003). Masonry Brick Production uses contemporary kiln cars that run through dryers, powered either by thermal energy or electrical energy source, derived from combusting coal or appropriate fossil fuels (Kreh, 2003). Most of the water in the material mixture is dispersed in drying compartments at a temperature varying from 400C to 2000C. The other energy demanding step in brick production is firing. Just like in other stages, thermal and electrical energy is essential to fire the kilns to temperatures ranging from 10000C to 12000C, based on

Fashion Glasses and Contact Lenses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Glasses and Contact Lenses - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Glasses and Contact Lenses" discovers the Glasses and Contact Lenses in Fashion. Style and fashion is associated with social status, cultural background of people belonging to various social groups. Changes in tastes and fashions call for innovations in design, quality and use of materials that enhance aesthetic values associated with the product. Gasses and contact lenses have evolved into fashion objects and undergone radical changes keeping in tune with the technological developments, though utility value of these products cannot be underestimated. Combination of fashion and utility in fact ensured sustainable growth of the eye glasses as fashion objects of style and fashion in the industry. When people are under compulsion to go for glasses either for vision correction or protection of their eyes, the next logical decision in buying involves proper selection of glasses. This decision is based on several factors which are guided mostly by cultural background of the consumer. But, the important aspects of decision making are style and fashion, keeping in mind the personality and social status of the person. Values are the beliefs or ideals shared by people in a culture which influences a person’s behaviour and attitude. In study of fashion emphasis is on the way in which the objects of fashion such as jewellery, garments and accessories like shoes and glasses acquire meaning in specific historical and cultural contexts. Tilley, C. stated The concept of objectification may be held.

Research Paper on Perfect Competion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Perfect Competion - Research Paper Example They all sell identical products, and the seller is a price taker, not price maker† (Jain & Trehan, pp. 243). The characteristic of ‘price taker’ signifies that the price is set by the interaction of demand and supply in the industry, and no individual firm can increase or decrease the price (Jain & Trehan, pp. 243). As mentioned above, perfect competition is mainly based on certain assumptions and as such, it does not exist widely in the real world (Dwivedi, pp.294). Perfect competition is based on the assumption of ‘perfect mobility’. The model assumes that there is perfect mobility of factors of production between firms. There are, therefore, no restrictions on the movement of labor from one firm to another and there is no trade union either. In addition, no firm can control industrial input; hence, there is perfect mobility of capital as well. Another concept common to perfect competition is the free entry and exit of firms in the industry. This sh eds light to the fact that there are no legal, financial or market barrier for any firm to enter or exit the industry. Firms can choose to enter or exit at their free will. When the industry is enjoying abnormal profits, that is when the short run average cost is less than the price, and then firms enter the industry. However, when the abnormal profits are transferred into normal profits or losses, then firms leave the industry (Dwivedi, pp. 297, 298). This model makes a further assumption that there is ‘perfect knowledge’. This suggests that there is no uncertainty in the market, and information regarding the market is readily available and is free of cost. In addition, firms act independently and they do not collude with each other in any way. Furthermore, there is no government intervention in perfect competition. There are no discriminatory taxes or subsidies, government does not put up a maximum or minimum price and does not have any sort of direct or indirect cont rol. Such characteristics make this model unique (Dwivedi, pp. 297). â€Å"The demand curve of a perfectly competitive firm is horizontal; this signifies that the firm can sell as much as it wants at the prevailing market price† (Dwivedi, pp. 298-300). Any firm in perfect competition is so insignificant that it absolutely has no influence over price. The diagram is shown below. (McEachern, pp. 23-25) This characteristic of perfect competition also makes it unique in all types of market structures. In addition to that, perfect competition is used as a ‘useful benchmark’ to judge the efficiency of markets. There are two broad concepts of efficiency, allocative efficiency and productive efficiency. Productive efficiency occurs when the firm is producing at the minimum of its long run average cost curve (LRAC). This signifies that the cost is less than the market price of a certain product. In perfect competition, output is produced at the minimum of average cost in the long run. Allocative efficiency, on the other hand, ensures that producers are making the right things that consumers actually want. The market in perfect competition is left to the forces of demand and supply. These forces ensure that what the consumers want, they would get. This avoids wastage of resources. In economic technicality, allocative effi

Play Therapy Theories Children And Young People Essay

Play Therapy Theories Children And Young People Essay Play is important for the childs holistic development including their physical, language, social, emotional and cognitive development. Play allows children to learn naturally from the world around them to gain life skills and understanding Play allows children to freely explore the world around them, without adult direction. Play allows the child to create, challenge, imagine, engage and explore satisfying activities for both themselves and others. Children may use equipment; play alone or with others, in energetic or calm manner. Play is a vital component for a childs development and lives and is essential to be promoted where possible (Play England, 2007). Play is the primary and natural medium of communication for children (Axline, 1947). Children may not have the capacity to use words to express themselves, but with the assistance of play therapists, communication and understanding can occur between both the child and therapist. As children do not have the same abilities to communicate and express themselves verbally and as effectively as an adult can, play gives children the opportunity to express their emotions and experiences. This can provide a foundation to build relationships with the play therapist and others, allowing their needs and requirements to be known and to gain a better understanding of themselves (Landreth, 2002). Play therapy then, is a medium of therapy in which play is used, to observe children engaging in play. By providing resources of play materials and knowledge of theory around play therapy, therapists can identify and examine the childs underlying issues. Wilson Ryan, (2005) state that the importance of play therapy is to allow children move from being unaware of their hidden, unconscious feelings they may have as a result of life experiences, and gain an understanding of their emotions and experiences enabling them to come to terms with feelings. OConnor and Schaefer (1994) maintain the aim of play therapy is to bring children to a level of emotional and social functioning or level with their developmental stage. This can allow usual developmental process to be resumed. Play Therapy is an active process between both the play therapist and the child. It allows the child to explore their surroundings at his or her own pace. The child has his or her own schema of their issues which may be current and of conscious awareness or, hidden in the past and possibly buried in the unconscious. These issues whether of conscious awareness or not may affect the childs daily lifestyle influencing feelings and behaviour. Play therapy is child centred and the play therapist focuses on play as the first and paramount medium of therapy, with speech the second medium of therapy (British Association of Play Therapists, 2008). The Irish Play Therapy Association (2013) claim, Play Therapy is an effective method of therapy for children who display or encounter many difficulties or issues. Behavioural difficulties may include depression, aggression, anxiety and other issues relating to difficult encounters or life experiences of abuse, death of a family member, divorce or separation and trauma (www.ipta.ie, 2013). A history of Play Therapy Play Therapy dates back as far as 1909 in Europe with the work of Sigmund Freud (1909/1955) and the first documented psychoanalytic therapeutic work focusing on a child was the case of Little Hans. Freud discovered the childs phobias through observations of his play behaviours and dreams. This case encouraged further development of Freuds work and eventually the development of play therapy. While Freud used interpretation of the unconscious motivation of a child building a relationship with the child, but he came to the understanding that unlike adults, children do not decide to enter into psychoanalysis. Without consent or understanding the therapist brings the child into this analysis. Anna Freud (1946) followed her fathers interest of play, but developed her own theories. She held that adults undergoing psychoanalysis are required to provide the therapist with information to assist the session, however with children the background information is expressed usually, but not always by the parent. Melanie Klein (1955) believed the use of psychoanalysis could benefit children in a variety of ways, even if their development was atypical. Klein also believed in using observations with children during their play and behavioural actions and not through their expression of speech as is used within adult psychoanalysis. Klein therefore introduced toys into her sessions to promote play and allow observation of actions to occur. Virginia Axline working in America was influenced by Carl Rogers work on non- directive client centred psychotherapy. Therefore, Axline built on Rogers theory resulting in a new therapeutic approach for working alongside children, known as non directive play therapy. As in adult psychotherapy, the relationship between the therapist and the child in play therapy is based on being genuine, on acceptance and trust. The theory is that if children are given the opportunity to freely express their feelings and emotions they will resolve these issues themselves, using play experiences and the assistance of their play therapist in order to achieve this (Wilson Ryan, 2005). Axline (1950) stated that non- directive play therapy is a play experience that is therapeutic because it provides a secure relationship between the child and the adult, so that the child has the freedom and room to state himself in his own terms, exactly as he is at that moment in this own way and in his own time (p. 68). Axline based her theory on her work with a young boy called Dibs. Axline held that Dibs healed himself through no direction over a period of time. She said No-one ever knows as much about a human beings inner world as the individual himself. Responsible freedom grows and develops from inside the person. (Wilson Ryan, 2005). Axline, unlike Freud and Klein who both focused primarily on psychoanalysis, believed children would do their best to meet their full potential and by providing a therapeutic relationship and approach which would support that development. Many therapists today base their work on Axlines (1947) eight principle guidelines Axlines principles outline, The importance of developing a relationship between the therapist and client from the beginning. Accepting the child and who they are without judgement. Provide the child with a safe environment to express their feelings completely. The therapist is alert and available to provide the child with feedback to assist the clients behaviour, The therapists provides the child with a scaffold to learn how to cope and solve their own problems and to respect their choices. The therapist is required not to direct the child in any manner, unless where the childs safety is at risk. The therapist allows the child to lead the session and the therapist follows their lead. The therapist is patient and understands it is a gradual process requiring time. The therapist provides limits that are essential to assist the therapy into a sense of reality and provide the client with information in relation to their responsibilities within the relationship (Axline, 1947). Based on Axlines theory of non-directive play therapy, Landreth (2002) developed his theory of Child Centred Play Therapy. Landreth (2002) states the relationship between the child and the therapist must be different from other types of relationships the child has experienced. The relationship between the two is to ensure the child feels safe and comfortable to be expressive within their play, allowing natural communication to occur. He believes the true foundation to the relationship within child centred therapy is that of the bond between the therapist and child (Landreth 2002). Another influential contribution to the area of play therapy is the work of David Levy (1938). Levys Release Therapy allows children release their anxieties through controlled play set out by the therapist. Levy provided free play therapy based on Kleins theory of free play. Toys are introduced into the settings that are related to the event that requires intervention and the child plays freely with the chosen toys. Growth of Play Therapy Child psychotherapy has established a strong tradition across Europe and has grown significantly. In Ireland, child psychotherapy has grown more slowly in comparison to American and Europe. However, professionals interest in play as a therapeutic intervention has developed gradually over the past decade. Practioners are becoming more increasingly aware of the seriousness of emotional issues experienced by children and the difficulties that may arise. These children are likely to require more serious treatment that may not be available to them. Play Therapy Theories and Approaches There are two techniques used within Play Therapy, non- directive Play Therapy and Directive Play Therapy. Non directive play therapy approaches are referred to as , child-focused, client centred and unstructured, where components of directive play therapy are described as structured, directive and focused Gil (1994). Gil (1994), elaborates on various directive play techniques, including behavioural or gestalt, but suggests that non directive play therapy is a more child focused approach. He explains that non-directive play therapy provides the child the freedom to participate in their own way throughout the session, allowing the therapy to move in specific direction required for the session. Within structured play therapy, the play therapist plans activities adapting a directive play approach. During the formation of a relationship between the therapist and client within directive Play Therapy a less directive technique is used. This allows the therapist to build a foundation to the relationship and over time, directive techniques are weaned into the relationship (Jones, Casado and Robinson, 2003). Similarly, supporting this concept, Berting (2009) suggests that building on the concept on developing a therapeutic relationship using a less directive approach is best practice, before proceeding with more directive activities in the core area of the play therapy session. He also suggests observing the childs need to be able to or prepared to carry out directive play therapy. Non-Directive Play Therapy ( who are the key people in NDPT and explain what you will discuss With over 60 years of influential work, Axlines contribution to non directive play therapy was outstanding. He is known as the founder of non directive play therapy and his work still influences play therapists in many ways. He believed the play therapist should have very little influence on the clients play and the client should communicate through their play, which is still a core principle today. The idea of reaching your full potential as a child in play therapy was originally proposed by Axline (1947). He explained the theory of progressing towards full potential occurs because of the formation of the therapeutic relationship, and not that of specialised techniques. Ray, Blanco, Sullivan, and Holliman (2009) support Axlines theory by stating the play therapists develops a relationship with the client by building on their acceptance.. In return, the client develops self-acceptance which results in moving towards their full potential. Today, play therapists continue to build on the foundations of non-directive approach guided by Axlines creative work, the area of non-directive play therapy continues to progress, more than 60 years later. Client-centred play therapy. Developing the ideas of Axline (1947) and Moustakas (1959), Landreth (2002) improved their theories to develop client centred play therapy. In Play Therapy Virginia Axline (1947/69) suggests that the individual has within himself the ability to solve his own problems, and that in play therapy, where conditions for growth are optimal, the child reaches for independence (Axline, 1955). She expressed the importance of the therapist to allow the child to explore and investigate the room and toys with his own initiative with support of the experience and the relationship (Axline, 1955). Star this section from Moustakas Moustakas (1959) felt children required the need to feel they were understood gain self directed skills in order to grow. These skills could be achieved through client centred play therapy, focusing on the clients direction throughout the session. Astramovich (1999) supported the client centred therapy approach stating it focuses on the growth and development of the child, and this can be achieved by the child directing their own play through the session. Directive Play Therapy Explain to the reader what approaches you will cover: McMahon (1992) states directive play therapy aims to prepare children for an event that is about to occur, for example surgery or other unpleasant events. Directive play therapy works towards treating the childs anxieties they may be unaware of. McMahon (1992) suggests the directive approach is closer to psychotherapy than to Axlines non directive theory. She elaborates on the therapist having the skills to deal with unexpected circumstances which may arise, and always be prepared and accept the childs response. Oaklander (1978) holds that there are the benefits of fantasy and projective methods to use in directive play therapy. He suggests asking children to draw their family as symbols or animals, directing their play to observe their emotional needs. The use of Gestalt methods is expanding over time, the theory behind this approach is beneficial to the child to deal with their feelings they are experiencing at the present, instead to going too far back towards traumatic experiences (McMahon, 1992). Cognitive Behavioural play therapy Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy originally developed for adults, and aims to identify and modify negative thinking styles that cause negative emotions and the maladaptive behaviours associated with those thinking styles (Knell Dasari, 2009). Cognitive behavioural play therapy is a sensitive approach seen to be effective when working with children based on CBT from 8 years and above with various disorders. Cognitive behavioural play therapy is used to teach children strategies to change their negative thinking and views in order to develop positive thinking and understandings (Knell Dasari 2009). Green (2008) elaborates on the various styles of the cognitive behavioural approach used within play therapy including, changing their cognitive development, discussing and eliminating senseless beliefs or ideas and cognitive misrepresentations. The play therapist modifies the cognitive behavioural therapy to suit the needs of the child within play therapy. Gestalt play therapy Gestalt play therapy, according to Oaklander (2001), focuses on the holistic views of the child, including their body, their emotional state, and their mind. Gestalt Play therapy focuses on the childs ability to understand how to express their emotions and is essential for a healthy understanding of their own emotions. Oaklander (2001) supports his theory by developing a variety of ways to express ones emotions. Oaklander (2001) suggests clay, art, crafts and puppets to help assist the expression of emotions through play in a directive manner. The Gestalt work focuses on the what and how rather than the why as found (Oaklander 2001) found. Alderian Play Therapy Within Adlerian Therapy, the therapist focuses on and examines the lifestyle of the client and tries to form a relationship of respect and trust with the client in order to set and reach their goals. Adlerian play therapy is a little different as it sets out to appeal to the child but is focused on the Adlerian method just in a child friendly manner. (Morrison 2009). Kottman (2001) suggests Adlerian play therapy may use techniques from non- directive and focused play therapy in order to the help the child build confidence, courage and abilities by using the Adlerian play therapy method. It is believed within the Adlerian method behaviours carried out by the client are intentional and by using the Adlerian method of play therapy, children can learn to develop coping mechanisms and strategies as suggested by Kottman and Warlick (1989). Psychoanalytic play therapy Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, studied under the Freudian psychoanalysis each developing their beliefs. Both individuals had a major influence of the development of psychoanalytical play therapy Melanie Klien believed all play was symbolic; in contrast to this Anna Freud believed it was the replay of real life events. Anna believed play therapy was allowing children to talk about the conscious feelings and thoughts and to act out the unconscious; however Klien in contrast to Anna Freud made interpretations from the unconscious meanings to from their play and felt strongly this was the correct understanding (McMahon 1992). Freud argues for the importance of building a relationship between the therapist and the client in order to provide adequate therapy to the client. She did not believe in interpreting the clients play until the relationship was developed amongst both parties (Cattanach, 1992). Klien argues against Freud, emphasising the importance to begin interpretation without the foundations of a relationship with the child resulting in delays to the therapy (Cattanach, 1992). Parental / Primary Carer Involvement The input and involvement of the primary carer is significant when providing Play Therapy to Children. Involvement provides positive outcomes to both the therapist and the child. The therapist can receive back ground information of the problem, the events and behaviours, the primary carer can provide the therapist with information in relation to the childs progress. Primary carer involvement provides security, stability and emotional support for the child if the therapy may become distressing for the child. A parents emotional availability is suggested to be the tool to success of Play Therapy (Wilson Ryan, 2005) Primary carers may be unaware of what Play Therapy is, and how it is used. As the primary carer brings the child to the centre weekly it is suggested that the therapist should provide adequate information and assistance in relation to the treatment and their part in the therapy (Wilson and Ryan 2005). The therapist should ensure they dont replace the parent child relationship although their relationship is significant for successful results and progress. Play Therapists can involve parents in a variety of ways, for instance the therapist can ask for the parent to sit in on the therapy to assist the settling period, therapist provide feedback to the parents, after each session or after a particular period of time. This can allow therapists provide parents with advice and ideas of how to bring the therapy into the home and provide consistency (Landreth, 2001 and McGuire McGuire, 2001). Training There are independent organisations that within their own country have their own play therapy training; however they adopt the standards of Play Therapy Internationals standards. Their training is recognised and certified. Play Therapy Ireland, Play Therapy United Kingdom and Play Therapy Canada are well developed and link with Play Therapy Ireland through their practice. Other countries are gradually developing their own Play Therapy International standards. The Childrens Therapy Centre are the only APT approved provider in Ireland. Their courses are recognised by the Irish Association for Play Therapy and have approved quality assurance standards with both FETAC and HETAC. Conclusion In this chapter a review of the current literature relating to play therapy was addressed. I will present a small scale study carried out on the perception of Play Therapists. In the next chapter I will outline and discuss methods for gathering data for this study. A

Pepsi and Heineken Commercials: Promoting American Devotion and Compas

Pepsi and Heineken Commercials: Promoting American Devotion and Compassion Today’s commercials cloud the viewers’ brains with meaningless ritzy camera angles and beautiful models to divert viewers from the true meaning of the commercials. The advertisers just want consumers to spend all of their hard-earned money on their brand of products. The â€Å"Pepsi† and â€Å"Heineken† commercials are perfect examples of what Dave Barry is trying to point out in his essay, â€Å"Red, White and Beer.† He emphasizes that commercial advertisements need to make viewers think that by choosing their brands of products, viewers are helping out American society. As Rita Dove’s essay â€Å"Loose Ends† argues, people prefer this fantasy of television to the reality of their own lives. Because viewers prefer fantasy to reality, they become fixated on the fantasy, and according to Marie Winn in â€Å"Television Addiction,† this can ultimately lead to a serious addiction to television. But, one must admit that the cle ver tactics of the commercial advertisers are beyond compare. Who would have thought the half naked-blondes holding soda cans and American men refusing commitment would have caught viewers’ attention? Try to visualize a slim blonde at the ripe age of nineteen coming in closer and closer on the television screen. She’s wearing a tube top and hip hugger jeans with a belly ring that reads â€Å"Pepsi.† She slowly spins around, grabs a can of Pepsi and drinks it in slow motion while her diamond bracelet glistens in the lights. The music stops. She turns to the camera, smiles, winks at you, and tells you to go out and try a nice cool refreshing can of Pepsi Cola. The next commercial to come on shows a man sitting down on the couch with his girlfriend s... ...ics television advertisements. When such a significant line is blurred when do we draw it back on? Do we wait until we see the serious effects of this problem? When do we deem television addiction as serious? Advertisers want viewers to spend their hard-earned money on their brands. Therefore, they have devised elaborate commercials to lure consumers into their trap and once they have gotten their patronage, it is hard to say if they will ever let them go. So, watch out. Works Cited Barry, David. â€Å"Red, White and Beer† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 519-521 Dove, Rita. â€Å"Loose Ends† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 503-504 Winn, Marie. â€Å"Television Addiction† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert Muller, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 505-507